![]() Seal of the U.S. Department of Education | |
![]() Flag of the U.S. Department of Education | |
![]() Lyndon Baines Johnson Department of Education Building, Department Headquarters | |
Department overview | |
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Formed | October 17, 1979 |
Preceding agencies | |
Jurisdiction | Federal government of the United States |
Headquarters | Lyndon Baines Johnson Department of Education Building, 400 Maryland Avenue, Southwest, Washington, D.C., U.S. 20202 Coordinates: 38°53′11.5″N 77°1′7.9″W / 38.886528°N 77.018861°W |
Employees | 3912 (2018)[1] |
Annual budget | $68 billion (2016)[2] |
Department executives |
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Key document | |
Website | ed |
The United States Department of Education (ED or DoED), also referred to as the ED for (the) Education Department, is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government. It began operating on May 4, 1980, having been created after the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was split into the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services by the Department of Education Organization Act, which President Jimmy Carter signed into law on October 17, 1979.[3][4]
The Department of Education is administered by the United States secretary of education. It has under 4,000 employees (2018)[1] and an annual budget of $68 billion (2016).[2] The 2019 Budget also supports $129.8 billion in new postsecondary grants, loans, and work-study assistance to help an estimated 11.5 million students and their families pay for college.[5] Its official abbreviation is "ED" ("DOE" refers to the United States Department of Energy) and is also often abbreviated informally as "DoEd".
The primary functions of the Department of Education are to "establish policy for, administer and coordinate most federal assistance to education, collect data on US schools, and to enforce federal educational laws regarding privacy and civil rights."[6] The Department of Education does not establish schools or colleges.[7]
Unlike the systems of most other countries, education in the United States is highly decentralized, and the federal government and Department of Education are not heavily involved in determining curricula or educational standards (with the exception of the No Child Left Behind Act). This has been left to state and local school districts. The quality of educational institutions and their degrees is maintained through an informal private process known as accreditation, over which the Department of Education has no direct public jurisdictional control.
The Department of Education is a member of the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness,[8] and works with federal partners to ensure proper education for homeless and runaway youth in the United States.
Opposition to the Department of Education mainly stems from conservatives, who see the department as an undermining of states rights, and libertarians who believe it results in a state-imposed leveling towards the bottom and low value for taxpayers' money.[9]
The U.S. Department of Education oversees the nation's education system. The department sets uniform rules and standards which are applied nationwide. “Since the Department of Education (Education) began operations in fiscal year 1980, its mission has included promoting student achievement and ensuring equal access to educational opportunity. To do so, Education partners with state and local governments, which provide most of the resources to school districts for K-12 programs".[10]
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Budget of the Department of Education for FY 2015, showing its largest components[11] |
For 2006, the ED discretionary budget was $56 billion and the mandatory budget contained $23 billion.[12] In 2009 it received additional ARRA funding of $102 billion.[13] As of 2011, the discretionary budget is $70 billion.[12]
A previous Department of Education was created in 1867 but was soon demoted to an Office in 1868.[14][15] Another unsuccessful attempt at creating a Department of Education, headed by a Secretary of Education, came with the Smith–Towner Bill in 1920.[16] As an agency not represented in the president's cabinet, it quickly became a relatively minor bureau in the Department of the Interior. In 1939, the bureau was transferred to the Federal Security Agency, where it was renamed the Office of Education. In 1953, the Federal Security Agency was upgraded to cabinet-level status as the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
In 1979, President Carter advocated for creating a cabinet-level Department of Education.[17] Carter's plan was to transfer most of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's education-related functions to the Department of Education.[17] Carter also planned to transfer the education-related functions of the departments of Defense, Justice, Housing and Urban Development, and Agriculture, as well as a few other federal entities.[17] Among the federal education-related programs that were not proposed to be transferred were Headstart, the Department of Agriculture's school lunch and nutrition programs, the Department of the Interior's Native Americans' education programs, and the Department of Labor's education and training programs.[17]
Upgrading Education to cabinet level status in 1979 was opposed by many in the Republican Party, who saw the department as unconstitutional, arguing that the Constitution doesn't mention education, and deemed it an unnecessary and illegal federal bureaucratic intrusion into local affairs. However, many see the department as constitutional under the Commerce Clause, and that the funding role of the department is constitutional under the Taxing and Spending Clause. The National Education Association supported the bill, while the American Federation of Teachers opposed it.[18]
As of 1979, the Office of Education had 3,000 employees and an annual budget of $12 billion.[19] Congress appropriated to the Department of Education an annual budget of $14 billion and 17,000 employees when establishing the Department of Education.[20] During the 1980 presidential campaign, Gov. Reagan called for the total elimination of the U.S. Department of Education, severe curtailment of bilingual education, and massive cutbacks in the federal role in education. Once in office, President Reagan significantly reduced its budget.[21]
The Republican Party platform of 1980 called for the elimination of the Department of Education created under Carter and President Ronald Reagan promised during the 1980 presidential election to eliminate it as a cabinet post,[22] but he was not able to do so with a Democratic House of Representatives.[23] In the 1982 State of the Union Address, he pledged: "The budget plan I submit to you on Feb. 8 will realize major savings by dismantling the Department of Education."[23]
By 1984 the GOP had dropped the call for elimination from its platform, and with the election of President George H. W. Bush in 1988, the Republican position evolved in almost lockstep with that of the Democrats, with Goals 2000 a virtual joint effort.
After the Newt Gingrich-led "revolution" in 1994 had taken control of both Houses of Congress, federal control of and spending on education soared. That trend continued unabated despite the fact that the Republican Party made abolition of the department a cornerstone of 1996 platform and campaign promises, calling it an inappropriate federal intrusion into local, state, and family affairs.[23] The GOP platform read: "The Federal government has no constitutional authority to be involved in school curricula or to control jobs in the market place. This is why we will abolish the Department of Education, end federal meddling in our schools, and promote family choice at all levels of learning."[23]
In 2000, the Republican Liberty Caucus passed a resolution to abolish the Department of Education.[24] Abolition of the organization was not pursued under the George W. Bush administration, which made reform of federal education a key priority of the president's first term. In 2008 and 2012, presidential candidate Ron Paul campaigned in part on an opposition to the department.[25]
Under President George W. Bush, the department primarily focused on elementary and secondary education, expanding its reach through the No Child Left Behind Act. The department's budget increased by $14 billion between 2002 and 2004, from $46 billion to $60 billion.[23][27]
On March 23, 2007, President George W. Bush signed into law H.R. 584, which designates the ED Headquarters building as the Lyndon Baines Johnson Department of Education Building.[28]
In the time after George W. Bush's presidency and towards the end of President Barack Obama's presidency, there was an extremely noticeable problem within the education system that was excluding many children from receiving the striving opportunities that they should have been given throughout their schooling careers. So, In December 2015 President Barack Obama had instituted the Every Student Succeeds Act, which reauthorized the Elementary Secondary Education Act. “In December 2015, the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) was signed into law, reauthorizing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) and replacing the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). ESEA, the federal law that authorizes federal funding for K-12 schools, represents the nation’s commitment to equal educational opportunity for all students and has influenced the education of millions of children."
Program | |
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Secretary of Education | Office of Communications and Outreach |
Office of the General Counsel | |
Office of Inspector General | |
Office of Legislation and Congressional Affairs | |
Office for Civil Rights | |
Office of Educational Technology | |
Institute of Education Sciences *National Center for Education Statistics **National Assessment of Educational Progress **Education Resources Information Center | |
Office of Innovation and Improvement | |
Office of the Chief Financial Officer | |
Office of Management | |
Office of the Chief Information Officer | |
Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development *Budget Service | |
Risk Management Service | |
Deputy Secretary of Education | Office of Elementary and Secondary Education *Education Facilities Clearinghouse *Office of Migrant Education *Office of Safe and Healthy Students *Student Achievement and School Accountability Programs *White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders *White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics *White House Initiative on American Indian and Alaska Native Education *White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans |
Office of English Language Acquisition | |
Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services *National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research *Office of Special Education Programs *Rehabilitation Services Administration | |
Office of Innovation and Improvement | |
Under Secretary of Education | Office of Postsecondary Education |
Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education | |
Office of Federal Student Aid | |
President's Advisory Board on Tribal Colleges and Universities | |
President's Advisory Board on Historically Black Colleges and Universities | |
Associated federal organizations | Advisory Councils and Committees |
National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB)[1] | |
National Advisory Council on Indian Education | |
Federal Interagency Committee on Education | |
Advisory Commission on Accessible Instructional Materials in Postsecondary Education for Students with Disabilities | |
National Board for Education Sciences | |
National Board of the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education | |
Federally aided organizations | Gallaudet University |
Howard University | |
National Technical Institute for the Deaf |
This article originally appeared in National Review Online on February 11, 2004.
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