Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus | |
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| electron microscope image of SARS virion | |
Virus classification 
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| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Phylum: | incertae sedis |
| Order: | Nidovirales |
| Family: | Coronaviridae |
| Genus: | Betacoronavirus |
| Species: | Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus |
| Strain: | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
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| Synonyms | |
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the strain of virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).[2] It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which infects the epithelial cells within the lungs.[3] The virus enters the host cell by binding to the ACE2 receptor.[4] It infects humans, bats, and palm civets.[5][6]
On 16 April 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Asia and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that the coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States and National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) in Canada identified the SARS-CoV genome in April 2003.[7][8] Scientists at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, the Netherlands demonstrated that the SARS coronavirus fulfilled Koch's postulates thereby confirming it as the causative agent. In the experiments, macaques infected with the virus developed the same symptoms as human SARS victims.[9]
A pandemic due to novel coronavirus disease in 2019 showed many similarities to the SARS outbreak, and the viral agent was identified as yet another strain of the SARS-related coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2.
SARS
SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome, is the disease caused by SARS-CoV. It causes an often severe illness and is marked initially by systemic symptoms of muscle pain, headache, and fever, followed in 2–14 days by the onset of respiratory symptoms,[10] mainly cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia. Another common finding in SARS patients is a decrease in the number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood.[11]
In the SARS outbreak of 2003, about 9% of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV infection died.[12] The mortality rate was much higher for those over 60 years old, with mortality rates approaching 50% for this subset of patients.[12]
History
On 12 April 2003, scientists working at the Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre in Vancouver finished mapping the genetic sequence of a coronavirus believed to be linked to SARS. The team was led by Marco Marra and worked in collaboration with the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, using samples from infected patients in Toronto. The map, hailed by the WHO as an important step forward in fighting SARS, is shared with scientists worldwide via the GSC website (see below). Donald Low of Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto described the discovery as having been made with "unprecedented speed".[13] The sequence of the SARS coronavirus has since been confirmed by other independent groups.
In late May 2003, studies from samples of wild animals sold as food in the local market in Guangdong, China, found a strain of SARS coronavirus could be isolated from masked palm civets (Paguma sp.), but the animals did not always show clinical signs. The preliminary conclusion was the SARS virus crossed the xenographic barrier from palm civet to humans, and more than 10,000 masked palm civets were killed in Guangdong Province. The virus was also later found in raccoon dogs (Nyctereuteus sp.), ferret badgers (Melogale spp.), and domestic cats. In 2005, two studies identified a number of SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese bats.[14][15] Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a high probability that SARS coronavirus originated in bats and spread to humans either directly or through animals held in Chinese markets. The bats did not show any visible signs of disease, but are the likely natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. In late 2006, scientists from the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Hong Kong University and the Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention established a genetic link between the SARS coronavirus appearing in civets and humans, confirming claims that the virus had jumped across species.[16]
Virology
SARS-Coronavirus follows the replication strategy typical of the coronavirus subfamily. The primary human receptor of the virus is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), first identified in 2003.[17]
See also
Notes
- ^ "ICTV Taxonomy history: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus" (html). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 2019-01-27.
- ^ Thiel, V., ed. (2007). Coronaviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-16-5.
- ^ Fehr, Anthony R.; Perlman, Stanley (2015). "Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". Coronaviruses. Methods in Molecular Biology. 1282. Clifton, New Jersey, USA. pp. 1–23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1. ISBN 978-1-4939-2437-0. ISSN 1064-3745. PMC 4369385. PMID 25720466.
SARS-CoV primarily infects epithelial cells within the lung. The virus is capable of entering macrophages and dendritic cells but only leads to an abortive infection [87,88].
- ^ Xing-Yi Ge; Jia-Lu Li; Xing-Lou Yang; et al. (2013). "Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor". Nature. 503 (7477): 535–538. Bibcode:2013Natur.503..535G. doi:10.1038/nature12711. PMC 5389864. PMID 24172901.
- ^ Wong, Antonio C. P.; Li, Xin; Lau, Susanna K. P.; Woo, Patrick C. Y. (2019-02-20). "Global Epidemiology of Bat Coronaviruses". Viruses. 11 (2): 174. doi:10.3390/v11020174. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 6409556. PMID 30791586.
Most notably, horseshoe bats were found to be the reservoir of SARS-like CoVs, while palm civet cats are considered to be the intermediate host for SARS-CoVs [43,44,45].
- ^ Li, Fang (October 2013). "Receptor recognition and cross-species infections of SARS coronavirus". Antiviral Research. 100 (1): 246–254. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.08.014. ISSN 0166-3542. PMC 3840050. PMID 23994189.
See Figure 6.
- ^ "Remembering SARS: A Deadly Puzzle and the Efforts to Solve It". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013-04-11. Archived from the original on 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
- ^ "Coronavirus never before seen in humans is the cause of SARS". United Nations World Health Organization. 2006-04-16. Archived from the original on 2004-08-12. Retrieved 2006-07-05.
- ^ Fouchier, R. A.; Kuiken, T.; Schutten, M.; et al. (2003). "Aetiology: Koch's postulates fulfilled for SARS virus". Nature. 423 (6937): 240. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..240F. doi:10.1038/423240a. PMC 7095368. PMID 12748632.
- ^ Chan-Yeung, M.; Xu, R. H. (November 2003). "SARS: epidemiology". Respirology. Carlton, Victoria, USA. 8 (Suppl): S9–S14. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00518.x. PMID 15018127.
- ^ Yang, M.; Li, C. K.; Li, K.; Hon, K. L.; Ng, M. H.; Chan, P. K.; Fok, T. F. (August 2004). "Hematological findings in SARS patients and possible mechanisms". International Journal of Molecular Medicine (review). 14 (2): 311–315. doi:10.3892/ijmm.14.2.311. PMID 15254784. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24.
- ^ a b Sørensen, M. D.; Sørensen, B.; Gonzalez-Dosal, R.; Melchjorsen, C. J.; Weibel, J.; Wang, J.; Jun, C. W.; Huanming, Y.; Kristensen, P. (May 2006). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): development of diagnostics and antivirals". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1067 (1): 500–505. Bibcode:2006NYASA1067..500S. doi:10.1196/annals.1354.072. PMID 16804033.
- ^ "B.C. lab cracks suspected SARS code". Canada: CBC News. April 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-11-26.
- ^ Li, W.; Shi, Z.; Yu, M.; et al. (2005). "Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses". Science. 310 (5748): 676–679. Bibcode:2005Sci...310..676L. doi:10.1126/science.1118391. PMID 16195424.
- ^ Lau, S. K.; Woo, P. C.; Li, K. S.; et al. (2005). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (39): 14040–14045. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10214040L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506735102. PMC 1236580. PMID 16169905.
- ^ "Scientists prove SARS-civet cat link". China Daily. 2006-11-23. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14.
- ^ Li, Wenhui; Moore, Michael J.; Vasilieva, Natalya; Sui, Jianhua; Wong, Swee Kee; Berne, Michael A.; Somasundaran, Mohan; Sullivan, John L.; Luzuriaga, Katherine; Greenough, Thomas C.; Choe, Hyeryun (November 2003). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus". Nature. 426 (6965): 450–454. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..450L. doi:10.1038/nature02145. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 7095016. PMID 14647384.
References
- Peiris, J. S.; Lai, S. T.; Poon, L. L.; et al. (April 2003). "Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome". The Lancet. 361 (9366): 1319–1325. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13077-2. PMID 12711465.
- Rota, P. A.; Oberste, M. S.; Monroe, S. S.; et al. (2003-05-30). "Characterization of a Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome" (PDF). Science. 300 (5624): 1394–1399. Bibcode:2003Sci...300.1394R. doi:10.1126/science.1085952. PMID 12730500.
- Marra, Marco A.; et al. (2003-05-30). "The Genome Sequence of the SARS-Associated coronavirus". Science. 300 (5624): 1399–1404. Bibcode:2003Sci...300.1399M. doi:10.1126/science.1085953. PMID 12730501.
- Snijder, E. J.; et al. (2003-08-29). "Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage". Journal of Molecular Biology. 331 (5): 991–1004. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.319.7007. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00865-9. PMID 12927536.
- Yount, B.; et al. (2006-08-15). "Rewiring the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) transcription circuit: engineering a recombination-resistant genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (33): 12546–12551. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10312546Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605438103. PMC 1531645. PMID 16891412.
- Thiel, V., ed. (2007). Coronaviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-16-5.
- Enjuanes, L.; et al. (2008). "Coronavirus Replication and Interaction with Host". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to SARS-CoV. |
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Wikispecies has information related to Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus |
- WHO press release identifying and naming the SARS virus
- The SARS virus genetic map
- Science special on the SARS virus (free content: no registration required)
- McGill University SARS Resources at the Wayback Machine (archived 1 March 2005)
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) SARS home
- World Health Organization on alert