Paul Erdős

Paul Erdős
Paul Erdős at a student seminar in Budapest (Fall 1992)
Born	(1913-03-26)26 March 1913 Budapest, Austria-Hungary
Died	20 September 1996(1996-09-20) (aged 83) Warsaw, Poland
Nationality	Hungarian
Alma mater	Royal Hungarian Pázmány Péter University
Known for	a very large number of results and conjectures (more than 1,500 articles) and a very large number of coauthors (more than 500)
Awards	Wolf Prize (1983/84) AMS Cole Prize (1951)
Scientific career
Fields	Mathematics
Institutions	Victoria University of Manchester Princeton University Purdue University University of Notre Dame Hebrew University of Jerusalem Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Doctoral advisor	Lipót Fejér
Doctoral students	Joseph Kruskal George B. Purdy Alexander Soifer Béla Bollobás[1]

Paul Erdős (Hungarian: Erdős Pál [ˈɛrdøːʃ ˈpaːl]; 26 March 1913 – 20 September 1996) was a renowned Hungarian mathematician. He was one of the most prolific mathematicians and producers of mathematical conjectures^[2] of the 20th century.^[3] He was known both for his social practice of mathematics (he engaged more than 500 collaborators) and for his eccentric lifestyle (Time magazine called him The Oddball's Oddball).^[4] He devoted his waking hours to mathematics, even into his later years—indeed, his death came only hours after he solved a geometry problem at a conference in Warsaw.

Erdős pursued and proposed problems in discrete mathematics, graph theory, number theory, mathematical analysis, approximation theory, set theory, and probability theory.^[5] Much of his work centered around discrete mathematics, cracking many previously unsolved problems in the field. He championed and contributed to Ramsey theory, which studies the conditions in which order necessarily appears. Overall, his work leaned towards solving previously open problems, rather than developing or exploring new areas of mathematics.

Erdős published around 1,500 mathematical papers during his lifetime, a figure that remains unsurpassed.^[6] He firmly believed mathematics to be a social activity, living an itinerant lifestyle with the sole purpose of writing mathematical papers with other mathematicians. Erdős's prolific output with co-authors prompted the creation of the Erdős number, the number of steps in the shortest path between a mathematician and Erdős in terms of co-authorships.

Life

Paul Erdős was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, on 26 March 1913.^[7] He was the only surviving child of Anna (née Wilhelm) and Lajos Erdős (born as Lajos Engländer).^[8][9] His two sisters, aged 3 and 5, both died of scarlet fever a few days before he was born.^[10] His parents were both Jewish mathematics teachers. His fascination with mathematics developed early—he was often left home by himself because his father was held captive in Siberia as an Austro-Hungarian POW during 1914–1920,^[9] causing his mother to have to work long hours to support their household. He taught himself to read through mathematics texts that his parents left around in their home. By the age of four, given a person's age, he could calculate in his head how many seconds they had lived.^[11] Due to his sisters' deaths, he had a close relationship with his mother, with the two of them allegedly sharing the same bed until he left for college.^[12]

Both of Erdős's parents were high school mathematics teachers, and Erdős received much of his early education from them. Erdős always remembered his parents with great affection. At 16, his father introduced him to two of his lifetime favorite subjects—infinite series and set theory. During high school, Erdős became an ardent solver of the problems proposed each month in KöMaL, the Mathematical and Physical Monthly for Secondary Schools.^[13]

Erdős entered the University of Budapest at the age of 17.^[14] By the time he was 20, he had found a proof for Chebyshev's Theorem.^[14] In 1934, at the age of 21, he was awarded a doctorate in mathematics.^[14] Erdős's thesis advisor was Lipót Fejér, who was also the thesis advisor for John von Neumann, George Pólya, and Paul (Pál) Turán. Because he was a Jew, Erdős decided Hungary was dangerous and relocated to the United States.^[14] Many members of Erdős' family, including two of his aunts, two of his uncles, and his father, died in Budapest during the Holocaust. His mother survived in hiding.^[14] He was living in America and working at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study at the time.^[14][15]

Described by his biographer, Paul Hoffman, as "probably the most eccentric mathematician in the world," Erdős spent most of his adult life living out of a suitcase.^[16] Except for some years in the 1950s, when he was not allowed to enter the United States based on the pretense that he was a Communist sympathizer, his life was a continuous series of going from one meeting or seminar to another.^[16] During his visits, Erdős expected his hosts to lodge him, feed him, and do his laundry, along with anything else he needed, as well as arrange for him to get to his next destination.^[16]

On 20 September 1996, at the age of 83, he had a heart attack and died while attending a conference in Warsaw.^[17] These circumstances were close to the way he wanted to die. He once said,

I want to be giving a lecture, finishing up an important proof on the blackboard, when someone in the audience shouts out, 'What about the general case?'. I'll turn to the audience and smile, 'I'll leave that to the next generation,' and then I'll keel over.

— Paul Erdős, Math & Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World (ISBN 0-7876-3813-7)^[17]

Erdős never married and had no children.^[8] He is buried next to his mother and father in grave 17A-6-29 at Kozma Street Cemetery in Budapest.^[18] For his epitaph, he suggested "I've finally stopped getting dumber." (Hungarian: "Végre nem butulok tovább").^[19] His life was documented in the film N Is a Number: A Portrait of Paul Erdős, made while he was still alive, and posthumously in the book The Man Who Loved Only Numbers (1998).

Erdős' name contains the Hungarian letter "ő" ("o" with double acute accent), but is often incorrectly written as Erdos or Erdös either "by mistake or out of typographical necessity".^[20]

Personality

Possessions meant little to Erdős; most of his belongings would fit in a suitcase, as dictated by his itinerant lifestyle. Awards and other earnings were generally donated to people in need and various worthy causes. He spent most of his life traveling between scientific conferences, universities and the homes of colleagues all over the world. He earned enough in stipends from universities as a guest lecturer, and from various mathematical awards, to fund his travels and basic needs; money left over he used to fund cash prizes for proofs of "Erdős problems" (see below). He would typically show up at a colleague's doorstep and announce "my brain is open", staying long enough to collaborate on a few papers before moving on a few days later. In many cases, he would ask the current collaborator about whom to visit next.

His colleague Alfréd Rényi said, "a mathematician is a machine for turning coffee into theorems",^[22] and Erdős drank copious quantities (this quotation is often attributed incorrectly to Erdős,^[23] but Erdős himself ascribed it to Rényi^[24]). After 1971 he also took stimulants, despite the concern of his friends, one of whom (Ron Graham) bet him $500 that he could not stop taking them for a month.^[25] Erdős won the bet, but complained that during his abstinence, mathematics had been set back by a month: "Before, when I looked at a piece of blank paper my mind was filled with ideas. Now all I see is a blank piece of paper."^{[citation needed]} After he won the bet, he promptly resumed his use of Ritalin and Benzedrine.

He had his own idiosyncratic vocabulary: although an agnostic atheist,^[26][27] he spoke of "The Book", a visualization of a book in which God had written down the best and most elegant proofs for mathematical theorems.^[28] Lecturing in 1985 he said, "You don't have to believe in God, but you should believe in The Book." He himself doubted the existence of God, whom he called the "Supreme Fascist" (SF).^[29][30] He accused SF of hiding his socks and Hungarian passports, and of keeping the most elegant mathematical proofs to Himself. When he saw a particularly beautiful mathematical proof he would exclaim, "This one's from The Book!" This later inspired a book titled Proofs from the Book.

Other idiosyncratic elements of Erdős's vocabulary include:^[31]

• Children were referred to as "epsilons" (because in mathematics, particularly calculus, an arbitrarily small positive quantity is commonly denoted by the Greek letter (ε))
• Women were "bosses" who "captured" men as "slaves" by marrying them. Divorced men were "liberated."
• People who stopped doing mathematics had "died," while people who died had "left."
• Alcoholic drinks were "poison".
• Music (except classical music) was "noise".
• To be considered a hack was to be a "Newton".
• To give a mathematical lecture was "to preach".
• To give an oral exam to students was "to torture" them.

He gave nicknames to many countries, examples being: the U.S. was "samland" (after Uncle Sam),^[31] the Soviet Union was "joedom" (after Joseph Stalin),^[31] and Israel was "isreal".^{[citation needed]}

Career

In 1934, he moved to Manchester, England, to be a guest lecturer. In 1938, he accepted his first American position as a scholarship holder at Princeton University. At this time, he began to develop the habit of traveling from campus to campus. He would not stay long in one place and traveled back and forth among mathematical institutions until his death.

In 1954, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services denied Erdős, a Hungarian citizen, a re-entry visa into the United States, for reasons that have never been fully explained.^[32] Teaching at the University of Notre Dame at the time, Erdős could have chosen to remain in the country. Instead, he packed up and left, albeit requesting reconsideration from the U.S. Immigration Services at periodic intervals.

Counter-clockwise from left: Erdős, Fan Chung, and her husband Ronald Graham, Japan 1986

Hungary at the time was under the Warsaw Pact with the Soviet Union. Although Hungary limited the freedom of its own citizens to enter and exit the country, it gave Erdős the exclusive privilege of being allowed to enter and exit the country as he pleased in 1956.

The U.S. Immigration Services later granted a visa in 1963 to Erdős and he resumed including American universities in his teaching and travels. Ten years later, in 1973, the 60-year-old Erdős voluntarily left Hungary.^[33]

During the last decades of his life, Erdős received at least fifteen honorary doctorates. He became a member of the scientific academies of eight countries, including the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the UK Royal Society. Shortly before his death, he renounced his honorary degree from the University of Waterloo over what he considered to be unfair treatment of colleague Adrian Bondy.^[34][35]

Mathematical work

Erdős was one of the most prolific publishers of papers in mathematical history, comparable only with Leonhard Euler; Erdős published more papers, mostly in collaboration with other mathematicians, while Euler published more pages, mostly by himself.^[36] Erdős wrote around 1,525 mathematical articles in his lifetime,^[37] mostly with co-authors. He strongly believed in and practiced mathematics as a social activity,^[38] having 511 different collaborators in his lifetime.^[39]

In his mathematical style, Erdős was much more of a "problem solver" than a "theory developer" (see "The Two Cultures of Mathematics"^[40] by Timothy Gowers for an in-depth discussion of the two styles, and why problem solvers are perhaps less appreciated). Joel Spencer states that "his place in the 20th-century mathematical pantheon is a matter of some controversy because he resolutely concentrated on particular theorems and conjectures throughout his illustrious career."^[41] Erdős never won the highest mathematical prize, the Fields Medal, nor did he coauthor a paper with anyone who did,^[42] a pattern that extends to other prizes.^[43] He did win the Wolf Prize, where his contribution is described as "for his numerous contributions to number theory, combinatorics, probability, set theory and mathematical analysis, and for personally stimulating mathematicians the world over".^[44] In contrast, the works of the three winners after were recognized as "outstanding", "classic", and "profound", and the three before as "fundamental" or "seminal".

Of his contributions, the development of Ramsey theory and the application of the probabilistic method especially stand out. Extremal combinatorics owes to him a whole approach, derived in part from the tradition of analytic number theory. Erdős found a proof for Bertrand's postulate which proved to be far neater than Chebyshev's original one. He also discovered the first elementary proof for the prime number theorem, along with Atle Selberg. However, the circumstances leading up to the proofs, as well as publication disagreements, led to a bitter dispute between Erdős and Selberg.^[45][46] Erdős also contributed to fields in which he had little real interest, such as topology, where he is credited as the first person to give an example of a totally disconnected topological space that is not zero-dimensional, the Erdős space.^[47]

Erdős' problems

Erdős influenced many young mathematicians. In this 1985 photo taken at the University of Adelaide, Erdős explains a problem to Terence Tao—who was 10 years old at the time. Tao received the Fields Medal in 2006, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2007.

Throughout his career, Erdős would offer payments for solutions to unresolved problems.^[48] These ranged from $25 for problems that he felt were just out of the reach of the current mathematical thinking (both his and others), to several thousand dollars for problems that were both difficult to attack and mathematically significant. There are thought to be at least a thousand remaining unsolved problems, though there is no official or comprehensive list. The offers remain active despite Erdős's death; Ronald Graham is the (informal) administrator of solutions. A solver can get either an original check signed by Erdős before his death (for memento only, cannot be cashed) or a cashable check from Graham.^[49]

Perhaps the most mathematically notable of these problems is the Erdős conjecture on arithmetic progressions:

If the sum of the reciprocals of a sequence of integers diverges, then the sequence contains arithmetic progressions of arbitrary length.

If true, it would solve several other open problems in number theory (although one main implication of the conjecture, that the prime numbers contain arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions, has since been proved independently as the Green–Tao theorem). The payment for the solution of the problem is currently worth US $5,000.^[50]

The most familiar problem with an Erdős prize is likely the Collatz conjecture, also called the 3N + 1 problem. Erdős offered $500 for a solution.

Collaborators

His most frequent collaborators include Hungarian mathematicians András Sárközy (62 papers) and András Hajnal (56 papers), and American mathematician Ralph Faudree (50 papers). Other frequent collaborators were^[51]

For other co-authors of Erdős, see the list of people with Erdős number 1 in List of people by Erdős number.

Erdős number

Because of his prolific output, friends created the Erdős number as a tribute. An Erdős number describes a person's degree of separation from Erdős himself, based on their collaboration with him, or with another who has their own Erdős number. Erdős alone was assigned the Erdős number of 0 (for being himself), while his immediate collaborators could claim an Erdős number of 1, their collaborators have Erdős number at most 2, and so on. Approximately 200,000 mathematicians have an assigned Erdős number,^[52] and some have estimated that 90 percent of the world's active mathematicians have an Erdős number smaller than 8 (not surprising in light of the small world phenomenon). Due to collaborations with mathematicians, many scientists in fields such as physics, engineering, biology, and economics have Erdős numbers as well.^[53]

Several studies have shown that leading mathematicians tend to have particularly low Erdős numbers.^[54] For example, the roughly 268,000 mathematicians with a known Erdős number have a median value of 5.^[55] In contrast, the median Erdős number of Fields Medalists is 3.^[56] As of 2015, approximately 11,000 mathematicians have an Erdős number of 2 or less.^[57][58] Collaboration distances will necessarily increase over long time scales, as mathematicians with low Erdős numbers die and become unavailable for collaboration. The American Mathematical Society provides a free online tool to determine the Erdős number of every mathematical author listed in the Mathematical Reviews catalogue.^[59]

The Erdős number was most likely first defined by Casper Goffman,^[60] an analyst whose own Erdős number is 2.^[61] Goffman published his observations about Erdős's prolific collaboration in a 1969 article titled "And what is your Erdős number?"^[62]

Jerry Grossman has written that it could be argued that Baseball Hall of Famer Hank Aaron can be considered to have an Erdős number of 1 because they both autographed the same baseball (for Carl Pomerance) when Emory University awarded them honorary degrees on the same day.^[63] Erdős numbers have also been proposed for an infant, a horse, and several actors.^[64]

Signature

Erdős signed his name "Paul Erdos P.G.O.M." When he became 60, he added "L.D.", at 65 "A.D.", at 70 "L.D." (again), and at 75 "C.D."

• P.G.O.M. represented "Poor Great Old Man"
• The first L.D. represented "Living Dead"
• A.D. represented "Archaeological Discovery"
• The second L.D. represented "Legally Dead"
• C.D. represented "Counts Dead"^[65][66]

Books about Erdős

Erdős is the subject of at least three books: two biographies (Hoffman's The Man Who Loved Only Numbers and Schechter's My Brain is Open, both published in 1998) and a 2013 children's picture book by Deborah Heiligman (The Boy Who Loved Math: The Improbable Life of Paul Erdős).^[67]

See also

• List of topics named after Paul Erdős – including conjectures, numbers, prizes, and theorems
• Box-making game
• Covering system
• Dimension (graph theory)
• Even circuit theorem
• Friendship graph
• Minimum overlap problem
• Probabilistic method
• Probabilistic number theory
• The Martians (scientists)

References

Further reading

• Aigner, Martin; Günther Ziegler (2014). Proofs from THE BOOK. Berlin; New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44205-0. ISBN 978-3-662-44204-3.
• Hoffman, Paul (1998). The Man Who Loved Only Numbers: The Story of Paul Erdős and the Search for Mathematical Truth. London: Fourth Estate Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85702-811-9.
• Kolata, Gina (1996-09-24). "Paul Erdos, 83, a Wayfarer In Math's Vanguard, Is Dead". The New York Times. pp. A1 and B8. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
• Bruce Schechter (1998). My Brain is Open: The Mathematical Journeys of Paul Erdős. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-84635-4.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Paul Erdős

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Erdős.

Scholia has an author profile for Paul Erdős.

• Erdős's Google Scholar profile
• Searchable collection of (almost) all papers of Erdős
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Paul Erdős", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
• Paul Erdős at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• Jerry Grossman at Oakland University. The Erdös Number Project
• The Man Who Loved Only Numbers - Royal Society Public Lecture by Paul Hoffman (video)
• Radiolab: Numbers, with a story on Paul Erdős
• Fan Chung, "Open problems of Paul Erdős in graph theory"