Wiki.RIP

Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on religion

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Part of a series on the
2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
SARS-CoV-2 without background.png
Issues
  • Problems and restrictions
SARS-CoV-2 (Wikimedia colors).svg COVID-19 Portal

The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic has impacted religion in various ways, including the cancellation of the worship services of various faiths, the closure of Sunday Schools, as well as the cancellation of pilgrimages surrounding observances and festivals.[1] Many churches, synagogues, mosques, and temples have offered worship through livestream amidst the pandemic.[2] Relief wings of religious organisations have dispatched disinfection supplies, powered air purifying respirators, face shields, gloves, coronavirus nucleic acid detection reagents, ventilators, patient monitors, syringe pumps, infusion pumps, and food to affected areas.[3] Other churches have offered free COVID-19 testing to the public.[4] Adherents of many religions have gathered together to pray for an end to the COVID-19 pandemic, for those affected by it, as well as for wisdom for physicians and scientists to combat the disease.[5][6] In the United States, President Donald Trump designated 15 March 2020 as a National Day of Prayer for "God’s healing hand to be placed on the people of our Nation".[7][8][9]

Religions

Christianity

A sign on a Baptist Christian church that has been temporarily closed, because of the coronavirus.

World Council of Churches General Secreatary Olav Fykse Tveit announced that, "This situation calls on our solidarity and accountability, mindfulness, care and wisdom... [as well as] for our signs of faith, hope and love".[10] Amidst the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, some churches continue to operate their food pantries that are offering bags filled with meat and toilet paper rolls for needy families.[11] The National Cathedral of the United States, which belongs to the Episcopal Church, donated over five-thousand N95 surgical masks to hospitals of Washington D.C., which were in shortage during the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic.[12] Other churches, such as the Church of the Highlands, an evangelical Christian megachurch, have offered free COVID-19 tests in their parking lots.[4]

The government of China, which upholds a policy of state atheism, used the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic to continue its antireligious campaigns, demolishing Xiangbaishu Church in Yixing and removing a Christian Cross from the steeple of a church in Guiyang County.[13][14] In the Shandong Province, "officials issued guidance forbidding online preaching, a vital way for churches to reach congregants amid both persecution and the spread of the virus".[13][14]

Many Episcopal and Catholic dioceses have recommended older Christians to stay at home rather than attending Mass on Sundays, which is usually required; many churches of all Christian denominations have made church services available via radio, online livestreaming or television while others have offered drive-in services in their church parking lots.[15][2][1] Some Christians are using online apps, which contain prayers and daily devotionals, to remain engaged with their faith.[16]

Many Christians traditionally observe the Christian penitential season of Lent through the abstinence from meat on Fridays, especially Roman Catholics, Methodists and Anglicans; the requirement to observe this custom was lifted by some Roman Catholic bishops amidst the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, which coincided with Lent in 2020.[17] The liturgies normally held during Holy Week (especially those on Palm Sunday, Spy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday), the last week of Lent, have been canceled by many churches belonging to mainstream Christian denominations, including the Anglican, Catholic, Lutheran, Methodist, Moravian, and Reformed Churches.[18][19][20][21]

Referencing the Christian doctrine of the Body of Christ, Anglican priest Jonathan Warren Pagán wrote that "Gathered worship in word and sacrament is therefore not an optional add-on for Christians" though the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic rendered it necessary to move to online formats for the common good.[22] He encouraged the practice of Spiritual Communion amidst the pandemic (especially during the Anglican service of Morning Prayer), which has been used by Christians during times of plagues, as well as during times of persecution, both of which have prevented Christians from gathering on the Lord's Day to celebrate the Eucharist.[22] Methodist clergy, as well as Pope Francis, also suggested that the faithful practice Spiritual Communion during the COVID-19 pandemic.[23][24][25]

The celebration of Saint Patrick's Day, a feast day celebrating the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, on 17 March 2020 was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, though services were still held in some churches and some parades still commenced.[26]

Lutheranism

Lutheran Disaster Response, the relief wing of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) has provided supplies to China, whence the disease originated; these include disinfection supplies, powered air-purifying respirators, face shields, gloves, coronavirus nucleic acid detection reagents, ventilators, patient monitors, syringe pumps, infusion pumps, and food to affected areas.[3]

As most supplies are being sent to developed countries, Lutheran World Relief is working to send resources to Africa, where Allyson Bear says "widespread poverty and crowded urban slums put Africans at extreme risk."[27] At Lutheran World Relief clinics in Nairobi, where multiple months of HIV medication are provided to patients, people were educated on the importance of handwashing and protective equipment has been repurposed to address the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.[27]

Sign regarding COVID-19 on the front door of St. Martin's by-the-Lake Episcopal Church in Minnetonka Beach, Minnesota

Anglicanism

The Church of England, the state church, as well as other ecclesiastical provinces of the Anglican Communion in the world such as the Church in Wales, and the Scottish Episcopal Church, suspended in-person worship amidst the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.[28][29][30] The Archbishop of Canterbury led a virtual Mass that was broadcast on thirty-nine BBC stations.[31]

Methodism

L. Jonathan Holston, bishop of the South Carolina Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church recommended that churches "proceed with worship services — providing increased vigilance regarding cleaning worship areas, providing hand-washing stations, and educating members about social distancing and other preventive measures."[32] On 13 March 2020, Bishop Elaine JW Stanovsky of the Pacific Northwest Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church issued a statement that would be updated no later than the start of Holy Week, which directed "the local churches of any size and other ministries in the states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington to suspend in-person worship and other gatherings of more than 10 people for the next two weeks".[32] Many parts of the Methodist Churches, which uphold Sunday Sabbatarian teaching, have transitioned their church services online; ninety percent of the parishes within the Pacific Northwest Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church, for example, are now offering worship via internet livestream.[32]

Catholicism

Many churches have been ringing their church bells five times a day for the Liturgy of the Hours as a call to prayer amidst the coronavirus outbreak.[33] In Spain, many cities canceled their Semana Santa festivities (5–11 April)—normally large events with parades and significant tourism spending—by mid-March as a result of the pandemic; in Seville, it was the first time that the events had been canceled since 1933.[34]

The Vatican announced that Holy Week observances in Rome, which occur during the last week of the Christian penitential season of Lent, have been canceled.[1] With the Diocese of Rome closing its churches and chapels, Saint Peter's Square is now empty of Christian pilgrims;[1] on the other hand the Archdiocese of New York, though cancelling services, has left its churches open for prayer.[1] Setting an example for churches unable to celebrate public masses due to the lockdown, Pope Francis began livestreaming daily masses from his home at Domus Sanctae Marthae on 9 March.[35] In Oregon, a different approach was briefly taken as Archbishop Alexander Sample instructed parishes to offer more masses so that each mass would be more sparsely attended;[36] however, tightening restrictions on public gatherings in Oregon led to even Archbishop Sample suspending public masses beginning on 17 March.[37]

By 20 March 2020, every Roman Catholic diocese in the United States had suspended the public celebration of Mass and dispensed with the obligation to attend Sunday Mass; the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the United States also suspended public Divine Liturgies.[38][39][40][41][42][43][44]

The Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Penitentiary on 20 March 2020 granted plenary indulgences to various people affected by the coronavirus. Additionally, those who cannot receive the sacrament of the anointing of the sick, especially those afflicted with the coronavirus, may receive a plenary indulgence by reciting prayers, especially the Chaplet of the Divine Mercy, on their own, with the presence of a crucifix being recommended.[45][46][47]

As an outbreak began to accelerate in New Orleans, on 24 March 2020 Louisiana governor John Bel Edwards called for a day of prayer and fasting.[48] Bel Edwards wrote that he and his wife "believe in the power of prayer and know, based on our Catholic Christian faith, that prayer coupled with fasting is pleasing to God."[49] The day prior, the Archdiocese of New Orleans announced that Archbishop Gregory Aymond had tested positive for COVID-19 on 23 March. The 70-year-old Archbishop stated that he had not been feeling well and was tested with his symptoms. He stated that he will continue to stream reflections on the crisis to Facebook and the Archdiocese's website.[50]

On 27 March 2020, Pope Francis imparted the Urbi et Orbi blessing, normally reserved for Christmas and Easter, from an empty Saint Peter's Square following a prayer for the health of all the world.[51][52] For the prayer service, Francis brought the crucifix from San Marcello al Corso which had processed through the streets of Rome during the miraculous plague cure of 1522.[53]

Eastern Orthodoxy

The Greek Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople issued a worldwide suspension of all "divine services, events, and rites, with the exception of private prayer in churches that will remain open, until the end of March".[54]

Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria, head of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, has exhorted clergy throughout the continent to "comfort and support our fellow Africans, teach them ways of elementary health and cleanliness, because most do not have access to clean water. And, as the situation is serious, I recommend that you comply with the orders and decisions of the countries in which you serve".[55]

The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East issued a joint statement with the heads of other churches in Syria and Lebanon declaring "the suspension of all general prayer services, including liturgies, in all churches from today’s date and until further notice."[56]

In a joint communique with the heads of other Jerusalem churches, the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem urged members "to adhere by the provisions and instruction of the civil authorities" regarding COVID-19.[57]

The Russian Orthodox Church has yet to suspend church services, but has implemented precautionary measures to reduce the potential spread of infection.[58] The Romanian Orthodox Church,[59] Serbian Orthodox Church,[60] Bulgarian Orthodox Church,[61] and Georgian Orthodox Church[62] have implemented similar precautions without suspending services.

In a homily given on March 29, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow called upon the faithful to temporarily refrain from attending church services, and to commit "to strictly following all the regulations coming from the sanitary authorities in Russia,".[63]

Nondenominational Christianity

Other Christian churches, including non-denominational churches, have begun utilizing livestreams with a chat feature and emphasizing gathering in small groups, such as immediate families, while suspending in-person church attendance.[64] This includes Life.Church's Church Online Platform and an encoder device known as Living As One. Articles are being published to aid those who have not started a livestream in the past.[65] In compliance with local recommendation, churches such as Cornerstone Fellowship in the California East Bay were moving exclusively to online, emphasizing it not being done out of fear or panic, but out of concern for the elderly.[66][67] In Hong Kong, churches have moved to Life.Church's Open Network Church Online platform as well.[68]

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has implemented a temporary suspension of all worship services across the globe as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.[69]

Islam

Closed Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine in Rey, Iran

There is concern that the virus may be hard to control during the travel and gatherings around Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr.[70]

A large number of cases in Southeast Asia were tied to a large Tabligh Akbar religious event held in late February 2020.[70]

Saudi Arabia closed the Great Mosque of Mecca for Umrah visitors and banned touching Kaaba.[71]

Kaaba in 2003
Kaaba in 2020
A comaparative photo of the Kaaba before and after the restrictions.

On 5 March, the Saudi government added further steps towards the Great Mosque of Mecca and Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina, which included a temporary closure of the Great Mosque for sterilisation purposes.[72] On 20 March, both mosques were closed to the public.[73]

The Islamic Society of North America, Muslim Medical Association of Canada and the Canadian Council of Imams recommended that congregations suspend Friday congregational prayers and gatherings.[1][74]

The Dome of the Rock has closed, though Muslim prayers are still occurring in the Temple Mount.[75]

Mosques have closed in Singapore and Malaysia.[76][77]

Imam Reza Shrine, Fatima Masumeh Shrine, Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine and Jamkaran Mosque in Iran were closed temporarily.[78] Friday prayers were also suspended.[79]

Religious leaders in both Kuwait and Saudi Arabia have strongly urged people to pray in their homes and avoid going to Mosques for regular and Friday prayers.[citation needed]

The Indonesian Ulema Council issued a fatwa advising Muslims to pray at home and avoid mosques where the disease had spread severely.[70]

Turkish Directorate of Religious Affairs imposed a nationwide ban on prayer gatherings in mosques, including Friday prayers.[80]

On 19 March 2020, twenty-five thousand people gathered in Bangladesh to listen to "healing verses" from the Holy Qur'an "to rid the country of the deadly virus."[81]

Judaism

At the Western Wall, thousands of Jews gathered to pray for an end to the coronavirus pandemic and this was led by Chief Rabbi Shmuel Eliyahu.[5]

Many gatherings related to the Jewish celebration of Purim were canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[26]

The Rabbinical Council of America, speaking on behalf of Orthodox Judaism, issued a guideline stating that "public gatherings in synagogues and schools should be severely limited".[1]

The Rabbinical Assembly, speaking for Conservative Judaism, stated that "Protecting human life overrides almost every other Jewish value" and recommended that weddings be postponed.[1]

Hinduism

The festival of Panguni Uthiram, which is usually associated with processions, was canceled due to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.[82] Nepal government has given permission to only 25 pilgrims at once in the holy Pashupatinath Temple in Kathmandu,Nepal.[83]

On 9 March, thousands of devotees participated in Attukal pongala, a festival where offerings are made to a Hindu goddess, despite the 'high alert' issued by the state government in India.[84][85]

On 18 March, the journey to Vaishno Devi Mandir in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir has been called off. Apart from this, the operation of all interstate buses coming to from Jammu and Kashmir has also been stopped. Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board (SMVDSB), issued a consultation for foreigners not to visit the temple until 28 days after their arrival in India. Common people will not be able to go to the world famous Aarti to be held at the Ganges Ghat in Kashi. The district administration has banned entry of common people in Ganga Aarti. The organizers have also been asked to complete the Ganga Aarti in a simple way.

Amidst a surge in confirmed cases across the state of Maharashtra in India, the health officials declared that several tourist and religious sites will be closed down as a precautionary measure. These sites included Siddhivinayak Temple in Mumbai, Tulja Bhavani Temple in Osmanabad district, Ajanta and Ellora Caves in Aurangabad district, Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple in Pune, Mumba Devi Temple in Mumbai and Saibaba Temple in Shirdi.

The Hindu festival of Holi was celebrated with caution before governments started enforcing lockdowns[86] Other Hindu festivals such as Navaratri, Ram Navami, Hanuman Jayanti, and various regional Hindu new year days such as Vaisakhi, Nyepi, Ugadi, Gudi Padwa, Bohag Bihu, Vishu, Pahela Baishakh, Jude Sheetal, Pana Sankranti, Navreh, Cheti Chand, Puthandu, Aluth Avurudda, Sajibu Nongma Panba, Bwisagu, and Mesha Sankranti have to all be celebrated at home by Hindus around the world due to the strict lockdown in India and elsewhere. Prayer services have been live-streamed for viewers to watch at home.[87][88][89]

Sikhism

The SGPC, has decided to keep the Golden Temple and all other Shrines under its Governance open. The General Secretary Roop Singh briefed the media and reasoned that the Golden Temple wasn't closed even during Military Attacks on place, by Afghans in 18th century and Indian Army in 1984. However, the SGPC administration is keeping a strong vigil on the WHO recommendations. The Sikh Coalition recommended the cancelling of services at gurdwaras.[1] Additionally, many Sikh gurudwaras have suspended the offering of free food to gurudwara visitors as a result of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.[90]

The Central Sikh Gurdwara Board has recommended that elderly Sikhs stay at home, though it has permitted weddings that have been scheduled to proceed.[90]

The Nagar Kirtans associated with the holiday of Vaisakhi in the spring have also been suspended or postponed.

Buddhism

The Cultural Corps of Korean Buddhism, which allows visitors to experience monastic life in one hundred and thirty-seven temples, has suspended that program.[91]

The Buddhist Churches of America have cancelled services for the spring Higan holiday and other events at many of their temples.[92]

There is concern that the virus may be hard to control during the travel and gatherings around Vesak.

Legal issues

The First Liberty Institute, a non-profit legal firm based in the United States, has issued guidance for religious institutions related to the suspension of their work during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.[2]

While many religious organizations suspended in-person services, activities and events,[11][93] some gatherings happened despite advice or regulations to not meet in large groups.[94][95][96][97] Some governments exempted religious organizations from the requirements on the number people allowed to be present at in-person gatherings during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.[98]

Research

Italian Law and religion scholars of the Association of Academics of the Legal Regulation of the Religious Phenomenon on 8 March 2020 started a research project, coordinated by Prof. Pierluigi Consorti (University of Pisa), with a website, for collecting documents and brief comments about Religion, Law and Covid-19 Emergency.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Burke, Daniel (14 March 2020). "What churches, mosques and temples are doing to fight the spread of coronavirus". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Parke, Caleb (13 March 2020). "Churches cancel Sunday service, move online amid coronavirus outbreak". Fox News. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 2019. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Amazon Adds Jobs and Megachurch Helps with Covid-19 Testing". Religious Freedom & Business Foundation. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  5. ^ a b Sheva, Arutz (15 February 2020). "Thousands to pray at Western Wall for end to COVID-19 epidemic". Israel National News. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  6. ^ Solovy, Alden (27 February 2020). "Coronavirus: A Prayer for Medical Scientists". Union for Reform Judaism. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  7. ^ Trump, Donald (14 March 2020). "Proclamation on the National Day of Prayer for all Americans Affected by the Coronavirus Pandemic and for our National Response Efforts". The White House. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  8. ^ Casiano, Louis (13 March 2020). "Trump declares Sunday a National Day of Prayer amid coronavirus crisis". Fox News. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  9. ^ Parke, Caleb (16 March 2020). "Trump, millions go to church online on National Day of Prayer amid coronavirus". Fox News. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  10. ^ "WCC takes strong measures to protect from coronavirus". World Council of Churches. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  11. ^ a b Dias, Elizabeth (15 March 2020). "A Sunday Without Church: In Crisis, a Nation Asks, 'What Is Community?'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  12. ^ Gryboski, Michael (26 March 2020). "National Cathedral donates 5,000 respirator masks to DC hospitals". www.christianpost.com. The Christian Post. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  13. ^ a b Parke, Caleb (23 March 2020). "In coronavirus fight, China hasn't stopped persecuting Christians: watchdog". Fox News. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  14. ^ a b Klett, Leah MarieAnn (21 March 2020). "China demolishes church, removes crosses as Christians worship at home". The Christian Post. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  15. ^ "Westerville church offering 'drive in' service". WBNS-TV. 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  16. ^ Heilweil, Rebecca (27 March 2020). "This social network for churches is thriving in the coronavirus pandemic". Vox. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  17. ^ Farzan, Antonia Noori (27 March 2020). "Because coronavirus has led to enough sacrifices, Catholic bishops say it's okay to eat meat on Fridays during Lent". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  18. ^ Stanglin, Doug (20 March 2020). "'How we can show love for the most vulnerable': Churches cancel in-person Easter services". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020. Presiding Bishop Michael Curry of The Episcopal Church said in a statement this week that suspending in-person public worship "is generally the most prudent course of action at this time, even during Holy Week and on Easter Day," which is April 12.
  19. ^ "Church News". Bedford Gazette. 27 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  20. ^ "Concerning COVID-19 and the Moravian Church". Moravian Church. 26 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  21. ^ "Worship". Trinity Christian Reformed Church » Worship. Archived from the original on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  22. ^ a b Pagán, Jonathan Warren (21 March 2020). "Spiritual Communion During the COVID–19 Pandemic". Anglican Compass. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  23. ^ Lamb, Christopher; Heneghan, Tom; Pongratz-Lippitt, Christa; Luxmoore, Jonathan; Roberts, James (15 March 2020). "Pope Francis urges Catholics to unite in spiritual communion". The Tablet. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  24. ^ Lewis, Mitchell (20 March 2020). "An Act of Spiritual Communion". Wordpress. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  25. ^ Wooden, Cindy (17 March 2020). "Public Mass ban in Italy leads to new focus on 'spiritual Communion'". Crux. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  26. ^ a b religionEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollow, Sarah Pulliam Bailey closeSarah Pulliam BaileyReporter covering (10 March 2020). "From Ireland to Boston, coronavirus shuts down St. Patrick's Day parades". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  27. ^ a b Wenger, Yvonne. "Baltimore-based Lutheran World Relief preparing response to coronavirus in Africa: 'This is a moment of unity'". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  28. ^ "Church of England suspends public worship over coronavirus". Reuters. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  29. ^ "Coronavirus: Church and religious services off across Wales". BBC. 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  30. ^ Walker, Donald (17 March 2020). "Coronavirus – Suspension of Church Services". The Scottish Episcopal Church. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  31. ^ "Coronavirus: Archbishop of Canterbury to lead first virtual Church of England service". Sky News. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  32. ^ a b c Bloom, Linda (13 March 2020). "Churches adapting to COVID-19 restrictions". United Methodist News Service. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  33. ^ "Chicago Catholic Church Bells To Ring 5 Times A Day As Call To Prayer During Coronavirus Outbreak". CBS. 21 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  34. ^ Saiz, Eva (14 March 2020). "Sevilla suspende su Semana Santa por el coronavirus". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  35. ^ "Pope Francis' morning Mass broadcast live every day". Vatican News. 8 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  36. ^ Hannum, Kristen; Langlois, Ed; Scott, Katie; Wolf, Sarah (13 March 2020). "Measures imposed in Portland Archdiocese to halt virus spread via churches". Catholic Sentinel. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  37. ^ +Sample, Alexander (16 March 2020). "Decree" (PDF). Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  38. ^ "Do we have Mass? Coronavirus closures and dispensations in US dioceses". Catholic News Agency. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  39. ^ Doerfler, John Francis (17 March 2020). "Suspension of public Masses" (PDF). Letter to Brothers and Sisters in Christ. Roman Catholic Diocese of Marquette. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  40. ^ Guillory, Curtis J. (18 March 2020). "Decree – suspending liturgical services & other activities" (PDF). Letter to Sisters and Brothers in Christ. Roman Catholic Diocese of Beaumont. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  41. ^ Christensen, Peter F. (17 March 2020). "Public Mass suspended" (PDF). Letter to the Catholic Faithful of the Diocese of Boise. Roman Catholic Diocese of Boise. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  42. ^ Zurek, Patrick (17 March 2020). "Decree for Protocols Regarding Coronavirus-19 COVID-19". Letter to. Roman Catholic Diocese of Amarillo. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  43. ^ Seitz, Mark J. (18 March 2020). "Instruction regarding Protocols in Response to the Presence of COVID-19 in the Diocese of El Paso". Letter to. Roman Catholic Diocese of El Paso. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  44. ^ "Coronavirus Precautions". Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Worth. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020. The circumstances current in our community are such that attendance at Mass borders on an impossibility and thus there is no obligation to attend.
  45. ^ Nykiel, Krzysztof (20 March 2020). "Decree of the Apostolic Penitentiary on the granting of special Indulgences to the faithful in the current pandemic". Summary of Bulletin. Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  46. ^ Sparks, Chris (20 March 2020). "Vatican Grants Emergency Plenary Indulgence for Divine Mercy Chaplet". The Divine Mercy. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  47. ^ O’Connell, Gerard (20 March 2020). "Pope Francis authorizes plenary indulgences and general absolution as coronavirus crisis escalates". America Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  48. ^ Deese, Kaelin (24 March 2020). "Louisiana governor urges 'a day of prayer and fasting' over coronavirus". The Hill. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  49. ^ Bel Edwards, John. "In this Lenten season..." Facebook. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  50. ^ "New Orleans Archbishop Aymond says he has coronavirus". WWL. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  51. ^ "Declaration of the Director of the Holy See Press Office, Matteo Bruni". Holy See. 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  52. ^ "Read: Pope Francis' Urbi et Orbi address on coronavirus and Jesus calming the storm". America Magazine. 27 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  53. ^ "Miraculous crucifix moved to St. Peter's Square for Pope Francis' 'Urbi et Orbi' blessing". Catholic News Agency. 25 March 2020. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  54. ^ "New communique concerning the COVID-19 (Coronavirus)". 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  55. ^ "[ Greek Orthodox ]". Patriarchateofalexandria.com. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  56. ^ "A Statement Issued by the Christian... - Antioch Patriarchate". Facebook. 21 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  57. ^ "ANNOUNCEMENT FROM THE CHURCHES OF JERUSALEM REGARDING VIRUS COVID_19". 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  58. ^ "Instructions to rectors of parishes and monasteries' town churches, abbots and abbesses of the monasteries of the Russian Orthodox Church over the threat of spreading coronavirus infection / Official documents / Patriarchate.ru". Patriarchate.ru. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  59. ^ "New measures regarding church services and social activities". Basilica.ro. 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  60. ^ "Communique of the Holy Synod of Bishops | Serbian Orthodox Church [Official web site]". www.spc.rs. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  61. ^ "Окръжно писмо относно появата на новия коронавирус и богослужебно-църковния живот". Bg-patriarshia.bg. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  62. ^ "საქრთველოს საპატრიარქოს მიმართვა მორწმუნეთადმი (14.03. 2020)". patriarchate.ge. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  63. ^ "Patriarch Kirill calls on faithful not to go to church /". Orthochristian.com. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  64. ^ "Taking Church Online in a Coronavirus Age".
  65. ^ "CORONAVIRUS & SIMPLE SETUPS TO LIVE STREAM CHURCH SERVICES".
  66. ^ "Coronavirus strikes home across America and in the valley". Archived from the original on 17 March 2020.
  67. ^ "Danville, San Ramon governments respond to novel coronavirus".
  68. ^ Heitger-Ewing, Christy (4 March 2020). "How a Hong Kong Church Is Responding to the Coronavirus Outbreak". OutreachMagazine.com. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  69. ^ "Mormon Church Cancels All Worship Services Worldwide During Coronavirus Pandemic". Time. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  70. ^ a b c Barker, Anne (19 March 2020). "Wonder how dangerous a gathering can be? Here's how one event sparked hundreds of coronavirus cases across Asia". ABC News. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  71. ^ Saudi Arabia closes Grand Mosque for pilgrimages
  72. ^ "Saudi Arabia closes Grand Mosque, Prophet's Mosque between night and morning prayers". Arab News. 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  73. ^ "Official Spokesperson for the Two Holy Mosques: Suspending presence and praying in the squares of Two Holy Mosques starting tomorrow". Saudi Press Agency. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  74. ^ Farooqui, Salmaan (13 March 2020). "Mosques across Canada cancel, alter Friday prayer to limit spread of coronavirus". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  75. ^ "Jerusalem's Al-Aqsa Mosque shut as precaution against coronavirus". Al Jazeera. 15 March 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  76. ^ "Coronavirus: All Singapore mosques to remain closed until March 26". The Straits Times. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  77. ^ "Malaysia's mosques are to close as confirmed coronavirus cases rise". The Straits Times. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  78. ^ "COVID-19: Iran closes holy shrines as death toll hits 853". 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  79. ^ "Coronavirus: Iran cancels Friday prayers across country". gulfnews.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  80. ^ "Turkey's Diyanet bans prayer gatherings, Friday prayers in mosques due to coronavirus". Daily Sabah. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  81. ^ Ng, Kate (19 March 2020). "Massive prayer gathering is held to read 'healing verses' against coronavirus in Bangladesh". The Independent. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  82. ^ "Coronavirus: Hindu chariot and foot procession here cancelled". The Straits Times. 15 March 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  83. ^ Sherwood, Harriet (14 March 2020). "Religious festivals cancelled or scaled back due to coronavirus". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  84. ^ "Coronavirus: Kerala govt goes ahead with Attukal Pongala despite 5 new cases in state". India Today. India Today. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  85. ^ Rajwi, Tiki (9 March 2020). "Thousands of women flock to Thiruvananthapuram for Attukal Pongala today". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  86. ^ https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/holi-festival-2020/index.html
  87. ^ https://cbs6albany.com/news/coronavirus/virus-lockdown-changes-how-hindus-celebrate-holy-period
  88. ^ https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/holi-gudi-padwa-navratras-coronavirus-pandemic-dampens-the-festive-spirit/story-W8LFZQcuHMvJJFUbkctbwK.html
  89. ^ https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/city-rings-in-gudi-padwa-cheti-chand-with-whimper/article31168512.ece
  90. ^ a b "Food catering at Sikh temples suspended to limit Covid-19 spread, scripture readings to be live-streamed". The Straits Times. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  91. ^ Kaur, Harmeet. "How religious communities are modifying traditions to prevent coronavirus spread". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  92. ^ Umezu, Kodo. "Special Message from the Bishop". Buddhist Churches of America. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  93. ^ Ellis, Sarah (20 March 2020). "Even in the Bible Belt, coronavirus is closing churches. Here's how they're adapting". The State. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  94. ^ Roth, Andrew; Phillips, Dom; Walker, Shaun (30 March 2020). "Churchgoers all over world ignore physical distancing advice". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  95. ^ "Kentucky church held service against governor's warning. Visitor now has coronavirus". 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  96. ^ "Megachurch hosts 1,825 worshipers despite coronavirus pandemic". 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  97. ^ "S. Korea to take legal actions against churches violating coronavirus guidelines". 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  98. ^ Warikoo, Niraj (21 March 2020). "Whitmer exempts Michigan churches from penalties for 50+ gatherings". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

External links

What is Wiki.RIP There is a free information resource on the Internet. It is open to any user. Wiki is a library that is public and multilingual.

The basis of this page is on Wikipedia. Text licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License..

Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. wiki.rip is an independent company that is not affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation (Wikimedia Foundation).

E-mail: wiki@wiki.rip
WIKI OPPORTUNITIES
Privacy Policy      Terms of Use      Disclaimer