1988
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1988 (MCMLXXXVIII ) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar , the 1988th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 988th year of the 2nd millennium , the 88th year of the 20th century , and the 9th year of the 1980s decade.
1988
In the 20th century , the year 1988 has the most Roman numeral digits (11).
1988 was a crucial year in the early history of the Internet —it was the year of the first well-known computer virus , the 1988 Internet worm . The first permanent intercontinental Internet link was made between the United States (NSFNET ) and Europe (Nordunet) as well as the first Internet-based chat protocol, Internet Relay Chat .[1] The concept of the World Wide Web was first discussed at CERN in 1988.[2]
The Soviet Union began its major deconstructing towards a mixed economy at the beginning of 1988 and began its gradual dissolution . The Iron Curtain began to disintegrate in 1988 as Hungary began allowing freer travel to the West.[3] The first extrasolar planet , Gamma Cephei Ab (confirmed in 2002) was detected this year and the World Health Organization began its mission to eradicate polio .
Events
January
February
March
April
May
June
June 10 –14 – Spontaneous 100,000 strong mass night-singing demonstrations in Estonian SSR eventually give name to the Singing Revolution .
June 10 –25 – West Germany hosts the UEFA Euro 1988 football tournament, which is won by the Netherlands .
June 11 – Wembley Stadium hosts a concert featuring stars from the fields of music, comedy and film, in celebration of the 70th birthday of imprisoned ANC leader Nelson Mandela .
June 14 – A small wildfire starts in Montana just north of the boundary for Yellowstone National Park . The Storm Creek fire expands into the park, then merges with dozens of other drought-inspired fires. Eventually, over 750,000 acres (3,000 km2 ) of Yellowstone – 36% of the park's area – burns before firefighters gain control in late September.
June 23 – NASA scientist James Hansen testifies to the U.S. Senate that man-made global warming has begun.
June 27 – The Gare de Lyon rail accident occurs in Paris, France as a commuter train headed inbound to the terminal crashes into a stationary outbound train, killing 56 and injuring 57.
June 30 – Roman Catholic Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre consecrates four bishops at Écône , Switzerland for his apostolate , along with Bishop Antonio de Castro Mayer , without a papal mandate.
July
July 1 – The Soviet Union votes to end the CPSU 's monopoly on economic and other non-political power and to further economic changes towards a less rigidly Marxist-Leninist economy.[9]
July 3
July 6
The Piper Alpha production platform in the North Sea is destroyed by explosions and fires, killing 165 oil workers and 2 rescue mariners. 61 workers survive.
Syringe Tide : the first reported medical waste on beaches in the Greater New York area (including hypodermic needles and syringes possibly infected with the AIDS virus) washes ashore on Long Island. Subsequent medical waste discoveries on beaches in Coney Island, Brooklyn and in Monmouth County, New Jersey force the closure of numerous New York–area beaches in the middle of one of the hottest summers on record in the American Northeast.
July 31 – Thirty-two people are killed and 1,674 injured when a bridge at the Sultan Abdul Halim Ferry terminal collapses in Butterworth , Malaysia .
August
August 5
August 6 –7 – Tompkins Square Park Police Riot in New York City: A riot erupts in Tompkins Square Park when police attempt to enforce a newly passed curfew for the park. Bystanders, artists, residents, homeless people and political activists are caught up in the police action that takes place during the night of August 6 and early into August 7 .
August 8 – 8888 Uprising : Thousands of protesters in Burma , now known as Myanmar , are killed during anti-government demonstrations .
August 11 – Al-Qaeda is formed by Osama bin Laden .
August 17 – Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and the U.S. ambassador to Pakistan , Arnold Lewis Raphel , are killed in a plane crash near Bahawalpur .
August 19 – A truce begins in the Iran–Iraq War .
August 20 – The Iran–Iraq War ends, with an estimated one million lives lost.
August 21 – The 6.9 Nepal earthquake shakes the Nepal–India border with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe ), leaving 709–1,450 people killed and thousands injured.
August 28 – Seventy-five people are killed and 346 injured in one of the worst air show disasters in history at Germany's Ramstein Air Base , when three jets from the Italian air demonstration team, Frecce Tricolori , collide, sending one of the aircraft crashing into the crowd of spectators.
September
October
November
December
Date unknown
Births
January
February
February 1 – Fatimih Dávila , Uruguayan model and beauty queen (d. 2019)
February 3
February 4 – Carly Patterson , American gymnast
February 6 – Anna Diop , Senegalese-born American actress
February 7
Ai Kago , Japanese singer
Lee Joon , South Korean idol singer (MBLAQ), dancer, actor, model
February 9 – Lotte Friis , Danish swimmer
February 11
February 12
February 13 – Aston Merrygold , English singer
February 14
February 15 – Jessica De Gouw , Australian actress
February 16
February 17
February 18
February 20
February 21 – Matthias de Zordo , German javelin thrower
February 22
February 22 – Nicolás Gaitán , Argentinian footballer
February 24 – Rodrigue Beaubois , French basketball player
February 28 – Markéta Irglová , Czech songwriter
February 29
March
March 2
March 3 – Rafael Muñoz , Spanish swimmer
March 4 – Gal Mekel , Israeli basketball player
March 6
March 8 – Benny Blanco , American musician, songwriter and record producer
March 10
March 11
March 12 – Sebastian Brendel , German canoeist
March 14
March 15
March 16 – Jhené Aiko , American singer-songwriter
March 17 – Grimes , Canadian artist musician and music video director
March 18 – Soukaina Boukries , Moroccan singer
March 19
March 21
March 22 – Tania Raymonde , American actress
March 23 – Jason Kenny , British cyclist
March 25
March 27
March 30 – Richard Sherman , American football player
March 31
April
April 1
April 2 – Jesse Plemons , American film and television actor
April 3 – Tim Krul , Dutch footballer
April 5 – Daniela Luján , Mexican pop singer and actress
April 6 – Melai Cantiveros , Filipina comedienne, actress and host
April 7 – Ed Speleers , British actor
April 8 – Stephanie Cayo , Peruvian actress, singer, songwriter and model
April 10 – Haley Joel Osment , American actor
April 12 – Jessie James Decker , American country pop singer and songwriter
April 14
April 15
April 18 – Vanessa Kirby , English actress and model
April 19 – Haruna Kojima , Japanese singer, actress and idol (AKB48)
April 21
April 23
April 25
April 27
April 28 – Juan Mata , Spanish footballer
April 29
April 30 – Ana de Armas , Cuban actress
May
May 1
May 4 – Radja Nainggolan , Belgian footballer
May 5
May 6 – Ryan Anderson , American basketball player
May 7 – Brandon Jones , American actor, musician, and producer
May 11
May 12 – Marcelo Vieira , Brazilian footballer
May 13
May 15 – Jessica Falkholt , Australian actress (d. 2018 )
May 16 – Behati Prinsloo , Namibian model
May 17
May 18
May 21 – Park Gyu-ri , South Korean idol singer
May 22 – Doug DeMuro , American automotive columnist and Internet personality
May 23
May 24
May 25
May 26
May 27
May 28
May 29 – Tobin Heath , American women's soccer player
June
June 1
June 2
June 3 – Dave East , Black/Creole American rapper and actor
June 4 – Li Man , Chinese actress
June 5
Nuh Omar , Pakistani writer and director
Steelo Brim , American television personality, host, and actor
June 6 – Arianna Errigo , Italian fencer
June 7
June 8 – Reinaldo Zavarce , Venezuelan actor and singer
June 9
June 11
June 12
June 13 – Cody Walker , American actor
June 14
June 15 – Cristopher Toselli , Chilean footballer
June 16
June 17 – Stephanie Rice , retired Australian swimmer
June 18
June 20 – Shefali Chowdhury , British actress
June 21 – Alejandro Ramírez , Costa Rican chess Grandmaster
June 22
June 23
June 24
June 25
June 26
June 27
June 28
June 29
June 30
July
July 1
July 2
July 4 – Angelique Boyer , French-Mexican actress and singer
July 6
July 7
July 8
July 10
July 11
July 12
July 13
July 14 – Conor McGregor , Irish mixed martial artist
July 15
July 16
July 17
July 18 – Elvin Mammadov , Azerbaijani footballer
July 19
July 20
July 21 – DeAndre Jordan , American basketball player
July 22 – Noriko Senge , Japanese princess
July 23 – Paul Anderson , English footballer
July 24
July 25
July 26 – Francia Raisa , American actress
July 28
Ayla Brown , American recording artist and former NCAA basketball player
Gunnar Nelson , Icelandic mixed martial artist and Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioner
July 30 – Alexander Vlahos , Welsh actor
July 31
August
August 1 – Max Carver , American actor
August 2
August 3
DRAM , American rapper, singer, and songwriter
Weyes Blood , American DJ, producer, singer, and songwriter
August 4 – Tom Parker , English singer
August 5
August 6 – Aleska Diamond , Hungarian porn actress
August 7 – Anikka Albrite , American porn actress
August 8
August 9 – Willian , Brazilian footballer
August 11 – Irfan Bachdim , Indonesian footballer
August 12
August 13 – MØ , Danish singer
August 15 – Zaira Nara , Argentine model
August 16
August 17 – Natalie Sandtorv , Norwegian jazz musician
August 18 – G-Dragon , South Korean rapper, singer-songwriter, and fashion icon
August 19
August 21
August 22
August 23
August 24 – Rupert Grint , English actor
August 25
August 26
August 27 – Alexa PenaVega , American actress and singer
August 28
August 29 – Bartosz Kurek , Polish volleyball player
August 30 – Ernests Gulbis , Latvian tennis player
August 31
Tanaya Henry , American model and actress
Ember Moon , is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE under the ring name Ember Moon, where she performs on the SmackDown brand.
September
September 1
September 2
September 3 – Jérôme Boateng , German footballer
September 4 – Anna Li , American artistic gymnast
September 5
September 6 – Sargun Mehta , Indian model, comedian, dancer, presenter and actress.
September 7
September 9
September 10
September 11 – Lee Yong-dae , South Korean male badminton player
September 12
September 13 – John Park , American singer
September 14 – Martin Fourcade , French biathlete
September 15
September 16 – Teddy Geiger , American singer-songwriter
September 17 – Pavel Mamayev , Russian footballer
September 18
September 19 – Katrina Bowden , American actress
September 20
September 21
September 22 – Bethany Dillon , contemporary Christian music artist
September 23 – Juan Martín del Potro , Argentine tennis player
September 24 – Kyle Sullivan , American actor
September 25
September 26
September 27 – Alma , French singer and songwrite
September 28
Caio César , Brazilian actor, voice actor and police officer (d. 2015 )
Hana Mae Lee , American actress, model, comedian, and fashion designer
September 29
October
October 1
October 2 – Andreas Moe , Swedish singer-songwriter, producer and multi-instrumentalist
October 3
October 4
October 5
October 6 – Maki Horikita , Japanese actress
October 7 – Diego Costa , Spanish footballer
October 8 – Hanne Gaby Odiele , Belgian model
October 10 – Rose McIver , New Zealand actress
October 11
October 12 – Calum Scott , British singer and songwriter
October 14 – Max Thieriot , American actor
October 15
October 17
October 18 – Tessa Schram , Dutch actress and director
October 19 – Markiyan Kamysh , Ukrainian writer
October 20
October 21
October 22
October 27 – Evan Turner , American basketball player
October 30 – Janel Parrish , American actress and singer-songwriter
October 31 – Sébastien Buemi , Swiss racing driver
November
November 1
November 2
November 3 – Angus McLaren , Australian actor
November 5
November 6
November 7
November 8
November 9
November 11 – Alexandra Kyle , American actress
November 12 – Russell Westbrook , American basketball player
November 15
B.o.B. , American rapper, singer, record producer, and conspiracy theorist
Ricky Norwood , English actor
November 18 – Marie-Josée Ta Lou , Ivorian athlete
November 19 – Patrick Kane , American hockey player
November 20
November 21 – Len Väljas , Canadian cross-country skier
November 22
November 24 – Sabi , American pop singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress
November 25
November 26
November 28 – Scarlett Pomers , American actress
November 29 – Russell Wilson , American football player
November 30
December
December 1
December 2
December 4
December 6 – Sandra Nurmsalu , Estonian musician
December 7
December 9 – Kwadwo Asamoah , Ghanaian footballer
December 10 – Wilfried Bony , Ivorian footballer
December 11 – Ashley Hinshaw , American actress and model
December 12 – Hahm Eun-jung , South Korean singer
December 14
December 16
December 17
December 18 – Erica Rivera , American actress, singer, rapper, dancer, and artist
December 19 – Alexis Sánchez , Chilean footballer
December 20 – Cheyenne Tozzi , Australian singer and model
December 23
December 25
December 27
December 29
December 30
Deaths
January
January 1 – Margot Bryant , British actress (b. 1897 )
January 2 – E. B. Ford , British geneticist (b. 1901 )
January 3
January 5 – Pete Maravich , American basketball player (b. 1947 )
January 6 – L. P. Davies , British novelist (b. 1914 )
January 7 – Trevor Howard , English actor (b. 1913 )
January 9 – Peter L. Rypdal , Norwegian fiddler and folk music composer (b. 1909 )
January 11
January 12 – Hiram Bingham IV , American diplomat (b. 1903 )
January 13 – Chiang Ching-kuo , Chinese politician, 3rd President of the Republic of China (b. 1910 )
January 14 – Georgy Malenkov , Soviet politician, 5th Prime Minister of the Soviet Union (b. 1902 )
January 15 – Seán MacBride , Irish Republican Army leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1904 )
January 16 – Ballard Berkeley , British actor (b. 1904 )
January 18 – Cataldo Agostinelli , Italian mathematician (b. 1894 )
January 20 – Philippe de Rothschild , French vineyard owner (b. 1902 )
January 21 – Vincent Lingiari , Australian Aboriginal rights activist (b. 1908 )
January 22 – Parker Fennelly , American comedian and actor (b. 1891 )
January 25 – Colleen Moore , American actress (b. 1899 )
January 27 – Kemal Faruki , Turkish football player (b. 1910 )
January 28 – Klaus Fuchs , German-British physicist and spy (b. 1911 )
February
February 1 – Heather O'Rourke , American child actress (b. 1975 )
February 3 – Robert Duncan , American poet (b. 1919 )
February 5 – Emeric Pressburger , Hungarian-British film producer (b. 1902 )
February 6 – Carmen Polo, 1st Lady of Meirás , widow of Francisco Franco (b. 1900 )
February 11 – Marion Crawford , Scottish nanny of Elizabeth II (b. 1909 )
February 12 – S. Nadarajah , Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer and politician
February 13
February 14 – Frederick Loewe , Austrian-American composer (b. 1901 )
February 15 – Richard Feynman , American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918 )
February 16
February 17 – Alexander Bashlachev , Soviet poet and rock musician (b. 1960 )
February 19
February 25
February 28 – Harvey Kuenn , American baseball player and coach (b. 1930 )
March
March 1 – Joe Besser , American actor and comedian (b. 1907 )
March 3 – Lois Wilson , American actress (b. 1894 )
March 5
March 6 – Jeanne Aubert , French singer and actress (b. 1900 )
March 7
March 8
March 9 – Kurt Georg Kiesinger , German politician, 28th Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany ) (b. 1904 )
March 10
March 11
March 12 – Karen Steele , American actress (b. 1931 )
March 13
March 16
March 18
March 20 – Gil Evans , American jazz pianist (b. 1912 )
March 21 – Edd Roush , American baseball player (Cincinnati Reds ) and member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1893 )
March 22 – Lester Rawlins , American stage and screen director (b. 1924 )
March 23 – Reg Lye , Australian actor (b. 1912 )
March 25 – Robert Joffrey , American dancer and choreographer (b. 1930 )
March 30 – Edgar Faure , French politician, 69th Prime Minister of France (b. 1908 )
March 31 – William McMahon , Australian politician, 20th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908 )
April
April 1 – Jim Jordan , American actor (b. 1896 )
April 3 – Milton Caniff , American cartoonist (b. 1907 )
April 5
April 6 – John Clements , British actor (b. 1910 )
April 9 – Dave Prater , American rhythm and blues singer (b. 1937 )
April 11 – Jesse L. Lasky Jr. , American screenwriter (b. 1910 )
April 12
April 15 – Kenneth Williams , British actor and raconteur (b. 1926 )
April 17
April 18 – Pierre Desproges , French humorist (b. 1939 )
April 21
April 22 – Irene Rich , American actress (b. 1891 )
April 23 – Michael Ramsey , British Anglican bishop, 100th Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1904 )
April 25 – Carolyn Franklin , American singer (b. 1944 )
April 26
April 27 – David Scarboro , English actor (b. 1968 )
April 28 – Fenner Brockway , British politician and anti-war activist (b. 1888 )
May
May 1 – Paolo Stoppa , Italian actor and dubber (b. 1906 )
May 2 – Premendra Mitra , Indian poet, writer and film director (b. 1904 )
May 3 – Lev Pontryagin , Russian mathematician (b. 1908 )
May 5 – George Rose , English actor (b. 1920 )
May 8 – Robert A. Heinlein , American science fiction author (b. 1907 )
May 10
May 11 – Kim Philby , British spy (b. 1912 )
May 12 – Chet Baker , American jazz trumpeter (b. 1929 )
May 14
May 15
May 16
May 18 – Daws Butler , American voice actor (b. 1916 )
May 21
May 23 – Aya Kitō , Japanese diarist (b. 1962 )
May 24 – Gustav Åkerman , Swedish army officer (b. 1901 )
May 25 – Ernst Ruska , German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906 )
May 27 – Florida Friebus , American actor (b. 1909 )
May 29
May 30 – Ella Raines , American actress (b. 1920 )
May 31 – Arthur Olliver , Australian footballer (b. 1916 )
June
June 2 – Raj Kapoor , Indian actor, producer and director (b. 1924 )
June 5 – Michael Barrington , British actor (b. 1924 )
June 6 – Chandra Fernando , Sri Lankan Roman Catholic priest and venerable (assassinated) (b. 1942 )
June 8
June 9 – Karl Kraus , German theoretical physicist (b. 1938 )
June 10 – Louis L'Amour , American writer (b. 1908 )
June 11
June 16 – Kim Milford , American actor and singer (b. 1951 )
June 18
June 22
June 23 – Henry Murray , American psychologist (b. 1893 )
June 24 – Marta Abba , Italian actress (b. 1900 )
June 25 – Hillel Slovak , Israeli-American guitarist (Red Hot Chili Peppers ) (b. 1962 )
June 26 – Hans Urs von Balthasar , Swiss theologian and Catholic priest (b. 1905 )
June 27 – Aparicio Méndez , former President of Uruguay (b. 1904 )
July
July 2 – Bede Morris , Australian immunologist (b. 1927 )
July 3 – Gabriel Dell , American actor (b. 1919 )
July 4
July 8
July 12 – Joshua Logan , American stage and film director (b. 1908 )
July 13 – Phil Monroe , American animator and director (b. 1916 )
July 17 – Bruiser Brody , American professional wrestler (b. 1946 )
July 18 – Nico , German rock musician, fashion model, actress and Warhol socialite (b. 1938 )
July 21 – Jack Clark , American television personality and game show host (b. 1921 )
July 22 – Patrick Newell , British actor (b. 1932 )
July 25
July 27 – Frank Zamboni , American inventor (b. 1901 )
July 31 – Trinidad Silva , American actor (b. 1950 )
August
August 1
August 2 – Raymond Carver , American short-story writer and poet (b. 1938 )
August 5
August 6
August 8
August 9
August 10
August 11 – Anne Ramsey , American actress (b. 1929 )
August 12 – Jean-Michel Basquiat , American musician/graffiti painter (b. 1960 )
August 14
August 17
August 18 – Felix Maria Davídek , Czechoslovak Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1921 )
August 20 – Lazarus Salii , 3rd President of Palau (b. 1936 )
August 21 – Ray Eames , American artist, designer and filmmaker (b. 1912 )
August 24 – Leonard Frey , American actor (b. 1938 )
August 27
August 28
August 30 – Jack Marshall , 28th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1912 )
August 31 – Edgar Elbakyan , Soviet actor (b. 1928 )
September
September 1 – Luis Walter Alvarez , American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911 )
September 5 – Gert Fröbe , German actor (b. 1913 )
September 6 – Harold Rosson , American cinematographer (b. 1895 )
September 7 – Abdul Haq , Pakistani Islamic scholar (b. 1912 )
September 11 – John Sylvester White , American actor (b. 1919 )
September 12
September 16 – Dick Pym , English footballer (b. 1893 )
September 17 – Nellie Beer , British politician, Lord Mayor of Manchester (1966–67) (b. 1900 )
September 18
September 20 – Roy Kinnear , British character actor (b. 1934 )
September 21
September 25 – Billy Carter , American farmer, businessman, brewer, and politician (b. 1937 )
September 27 – Teofilo Camomot , Filipino Roman Catholic archbishop and servant of God (b. 1914 )
September 28
September 30
October
October 1
October 2
October 3 – Franz Josef Strauss , German politician (b. 1915 )
October 7 – Billy Daniels , American singer (b. 1915 )
October 9
October 10
October 11
October 12
October 13 – Melvin Frank , American screenwriter and director (b. 1913 )
October 15 – Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji , English composer, music critic, pianist, and writer (b. 1892 )
October 18 – Frederick Ashton , English dancer and choreographer (b. 1904 )
October 19 – Son House , American musician (b. 1902 )
October 22 – Henry Armstrong , American boxer (b. 1912 )
October 23 – Asashio Tarō III , Sumo wrestler (b. 1929 )
October 27 – Charles Hawtrey , English actor (b. 1914 )
October 28 – Pietro Annigoni , Italian painter (b. 1910 )
October 29 – Thomas Cooray , Sri Lankan Roman Catholic archbishop and servant of God (b. 1901 )
October 31 – John Houseman , Romanian-American actor and producer (b. 1902 )
November
November 1 – George J. Folsey , American cinematographer (b. 1898 )
November 4 – Hermann Graf , German fighter ace (b. 1912 )
November 7
November 9
November 11 – William Ifor Jones , Welsh conductor and organist (b. 1900 )
November 12
November 13 – Antal Doráti , Hungarian conductor (b. 1906 )
November 14 – Takeo Miki , Japanese politician, 41st Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1907 )
November 15
November 16 – Jennie Lee, Baroness Lee of Asheridge , British politician (b. 1904 )
November 17 – Sheilah Graham , English-born gossip columnist (b. 1904 )
November 19 – Christina Onassis , American shipping magnate (b. 1950 )
November 20 – Irene Bianucci , Italian-born American painter (b. 1903 )
November 21
November 22
November 23 – Gamal Abdel-Rahim , Egyptian composer (b. 1924 )
November 25
November 26 – Antonio Estévez , Venezuelan composer (b. 1916 )
November 27
November 28 – Prince Ludwig Rudolph of Hanover (b. 1955 )
November 29 – Donald Keyhoe , American ufologist (b. 1897 )
December
December 2
December 4 – Osman Achmatowicz , Polish chemist (b. 1899 )
December 6
December 7
December 10
December 13 – Roy Urquhart , British general (b. 1901 )
December 14 – Stuart Symington , American politician (b. 1901 )
December 17 – Jerry Hopper , American film and television director (b. 1907 )
December 20 – Max Robinson , American broadcast journalist, and ABC News World News Tonight co-anchor (b. 1939 )
December 21
December 22 – Francisco Alves Mendes Filho , Brazilian environmental activist (murdered) (b. 1944 )
December 23 – Carlo Scorza , Italian Fascist politician (b. 1897 )
December 24 – Noel Willman , Northern Irish actor and theatre director (b. 1918 )
December 26
December 27
December 29 – Sir Ieuan Maddock , British nuclear scientist (b. 1917 )
December 30 – Isamu Noguchi , Japanese-American artist (b. 1904 )
Nobel Prizes
References
^ "History of IRC (Internet Relay Chat)" .
^ The Christian Science Monitor (March 24, 1988). "Look out, Yugoslavia, there's a Big Mac attack coming on! First McDonald's opens in a communist country, and the fans are lining up" . The Christian Science Monitor .
^ Binder, David (July 31, 1988). "THE WORLD: Visit From Grosz; Hungary and the U.S., Finally Face to Face" . The New York Times .
^ "IRA gang shot dead in Gibraltar" . On This Day . BBC . March 7, 1988. Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2013 .
^ Morse, D. (May 1988). "Japan Tunnels Under the Ocean". Civil Engineering . 58 (5): 50–53.
^ "Three shot dead at Milltown Cemetery" . BBC News . March 16, 1988. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2008 .
^ "Judges free man jailed over IRA funeral murders" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on September 6, 2004. Retrieved February 2, 2008 .
^ "Yugoslavs Relish Opening of McDonald's in Belgrade" . Los Angeles Times . March 24, 1988.
^ "Soviet Party Votes End to Monopoly on Power : Communist Delegates OK Gorbachev Reforms, Approve Revision of Country's Political System" . Los Angeles Times .
^ "nordunet_alkusivut_nettiversio.indd" (PDF) .
^ "Obituary: Diplomat, author and athlete: Sir Alan Stewart Watt" . The Canberra Times . September 20, 1988. p. 8. Archived from the original on February 16, 2014.